Human growth hormone and insulin, from tissue extracts to recombinant DNA technology, their biosimilars and analogues in treatment of Endocrine Disorders

Forty years ago, recombinant DNA technology caused a revolution in the way growth disorders and diabetes could be treated. Bacteria or human cells were modified so as to able produce hormones instead of relying on cadaveric material case porcine insulin diabetics. The new also removed risk contracted hepatitis fatal Creutzfeldt Jacob disease. A signal peptide was used transport protein into periplasmic space giving rise an exact, correctly folded version monomeric hormone. More eligible patients treated, resulting not only large number clinical trials. Daily tiny subcutaneous injections found much more effective than twice thrice weekly treatment children adults, progress for turned out somewhat different. Insulin is complicated protein, with Alpha Beta chain joined by two disulphide bridges, but produced pancreas single chain, proinsulin, C make active molecule. Recombinant development opposite hormone since acts faster porcine. Short fast long-acting analogues have been developed all improve regimens both type 1 2 diabetics, similar now taking place field. Depot preparations administration are under achieve better compliance. One recently approved depot uses analogue, one amino acid permit acylation albumin binding. In this retrograde step it remains seen if patient’s metabolic responses comparable daily amount natural sequence over several treatment.